tailieunhanh - Endocrinology Basic and Clinical Principles - part 7

Phôi học, cơ quan tùng phát sinh như một evagination mái nhà của diencephalon. Diencephalon cũng làm phát sinh cho đôi mắt bên và vùng dưới đồi. Nguồn gốc embryologic thông thường được phản ánh trong một tài sản sinh lý phổ biến năng lực | 258 Part IV Hypothalamic-Pituitary Fig. 3. Twenty-four-hour serum melatonin profiles measured from 9 AM to 9 AM in group of six young healthy males time of onset of habitual evening sleepiness. Embryologically the pineal organ arises as an evagination of the roof of the diencephalon. The diencephalon also gives rise to the lateral eyes and to the hypothalamus. This common embryologic origin is reflected in a common physiologic property the capacity to respond to cyclic changes in environmental illumination. A fixed temporal pattern of photic input is an ubiquitous phenomenon generated by Earth s daily rotation in reference to the sun. Viewed from an evolutionary perspective the pineal origin is part of a sophisticated photoneuroendocrine system with photoreceptors represented both in the lateral eyes and in some species but not mammals in the pineal organ itself. With development this organ-system has acquired a unique feature an endogenous circadian circa around dian day rhythmic pattern in its metabolic and or neural activity. In mammals a neuronal component of this neuroendocrine complex the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus displays a regular pattern of spontaneous neuronal discharges entrained to the cyclic photic input with a higher frequency during the daylight hours this pattern persists in the absence of a day-night cycle. In vertebrate classes whose pineal organ possesses true photoreceptors . birds and reptiles the pineal organ itself manifests a sustained circadian oscillation in melatonin biosynthesis. In the mammalian pineal organ the absence of true photoreceptors is accompanied by the loss of this endogenous pace-setting capacity. Mammals thus rely on the suprachiasmatic nuclei for auto nomous circadian stimulation. Under natural conditions the environmental light-dark cycle and the suprachiasmatic nuclei s endogenous oscillator act in concert to produce the daily rhythm in melatonin production. A complex neural pathway has evolved that

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