tailieunhanh - Trauma Pediatric - part 3

Caffey và Kempe đầu tiên tập trung sự chú ý của cộng đồng y tế về vấn đề lạm dụng trẻ em bằng cách xác định mối liên quan giữa gãy xương dài và hematomas dưới màng cứng ở trẻ em. Hơn nữa làm việc dẫn đến hội nghị chuyên đề và bài viết Kempe của "Hội chứng trẻ em Dụng | 6 Trauma from Child Abuse Charles S. Cox Jr. Department of Surgery Division of Pediatric Surgery University of Texas-Houston Medical School Houston Texas . INTRODUCTION Caffey and Kempe first focused the medical community s attention on the problem of child abuse by identifying an association between long bone fractures and subdural hematomas in children. Further work led to Kempe s symposium and article The Battered Child Syndrome 1-3 . As awareness increased it became clear that a constellation of injuries is associated with child abuse and that these injuries occur in patterns. Because the history is often unreliable or deliberately deceptive the recognition of known patterns of injury and the judicious use of diagnostic imaging are important in the evaluation of these patients. Unfortunately prospective randomized controlled trial data on child abuse are unavailable. Since the treatment of most of the injuries associated with child abuse is well described elsewhere in this and other texts this chapter will not review the treatment of specific injuries. Instead it will attempt to assist the practitioner in deciding whether identified injuries could be caused by the reported mechanism and in recognizing the unique associations that have been previously identified. LITERATURE-BASED GUIDELINES The author examined the literature obtained from MEDLINE from 1990 to 2000 and classic articles from earlier time periods. There were no class-I papers. Thus standards of care cannot be developed according to the definitions of evidence-based medicine. A few papers fit into class II prospectively collected data submitted to retrospective analysis . Most were class III. There is a vast amount of empirically derived information that is supported by class-III data. EPIDEMIOLOGY Child abuse accounts for 3 to 4 of all traumatic injuries evaluated in pediatric trauma centers. However abuse and assault result in the highest injury severity 73 74 Cox Table 1 Deaths Due to Child

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