tailieunhanh - Design A Very Short Introduction phần 9

Các tàu điện ngầm Tokyo là điển hình của nhiều hệ thống đã áp dụng phương tiện giao tiếp xúc giác của, với các đài các dải gạch với lúm đồng tiền tăng chạy dọc theo trung tâm của các bề mặt sàn trong hành lang, cho phép người khiếm thị sử dụng một thanh để tìm đường. | Design Manufacture established by Parliament in 1835 to address these problems new design schools were established. A problem however was the belief that design in industry required an injection of art to effect improvement. Moreover the only people capable of teaching in the new schools were artists. So the schools in fact evolved as art schools and indeed the first of them the Normal School of Design was subsequently renamed the Royal College of Art. Continuing complaints by manufacturers of the resulting deficiencies of the system in supplying trained designers echoed across succeeding decades resulting in other efforts to make design education better serve the needs of industry which generally proved fruitless. In the final stages of the Second World War in 1944 the UK government established the Council of Industrial Design later to be renamed the Design Council. Although financed by government it functioned as a semi-independent organization with the primary aim of promoting design in industry as a means of stimulating exports. In this original aim it must be judged a complete failure since forty years later the UK balance of trade in manufactured goods went into deficit for the first time in two centuries. For much of its existence the Design Council sought to function by persuasion and as a result had little power to alter anything significantly. Since 1995 it has been a slimmed-down body showing great energy in promoting design as an element of government efforts to encourage innovation in industry. The United Kingdom still has a substantial trade deficit in manufactured goods however so much still remains to be done. The German equivalent of the Design Council the Rat fur Formgebung was founded in 1951 and similarly supported by government finance in this case federal and state sources. For a time it played a substantial role in promoting design in industry and to the public at large emphasizing not only an economic but also a cultural role for design in .