tailieunhanh - Design A Very Short Introduction phần 8

Một lợi thế đặc biệt của tiêu chuẩn hóa như vậy là trong thể loại truyền thông có sự thể cung cấp cụ thể cho người khuyết tật, có thể được vào mức độ đơn giản của các chỉ số, ký hiệu, và thang máy dành cho những người ngồi xe lăn. Trên một mức độ phức tạp hơn là những vấn đề của những người bị mù, cho ai, tất nhiên, hình ảnh biển báo là không cần thiết. | A particular advantage of such standardization is in the category of communications that embody specific provision for people with disabilities which can be on the simple level of indicators signs and elevators available for people in wheelchairs. On a more complex level are the problems of people who are blind for whom of course visual signage is redundant. The Tokyo Subway is typical of many systems that have adopted tactile means of communication with stations featuring strips of tiles with raised dimples running along the centre of floor surfaces in corridors enabling blind people using a stick to find their way. The pattern of tiling and the feel of it alter to signal junction points where more than one path is available. Special automatic machines with Braille instructions and buttons to summon help in case of difficulties are positioned at key points to assist in obtaining tickets and navigating the system. The tiles also lead to platforms where their configuration orients blind users towards the doors of trains. The provision for the blind can indeed be considered as a subsystem within the greater whole. Other levels of systems approaches in design that have grown rapidly recently are evident in the development and manufacture of products. New problems in this regard have emerged with the spread of globalization and regional economic unification such as the European Union which has amplified the need to bridge different markets and cultures. Globalization in particular has placed greater emphasis on the seemingly conflicting demands of achieving economies of scale through greater commonality between products while at the same time being able to adapt to the detailed requirements of tastes and compatibility in specific markets. This has taken several forms but underlying them is a shift from standardized products to standardized components that can be flexibly configured to provide a variety of forms and satisfy a range of needs. Early mass production was .