tailieunhanh - Design A Very Short Introduction phần 6

"Truyền thông là ở đây được sử dụng như một thuật ngữ ngắn gọn để trang trải các mảng rộng lớn của các vật liệu hai chiều đóng một vai trò rộng lớn trong cuộc sống hiện đại. Các hình thức phương tiện truyền thông hai chiều đã nhân rộng và mở rộng đến một điểm mà chúng tôi đang liên tục bắn phá với hình ảnh thị giác. | possible reasons for this are many among them the influence of a mass culture that deskills the population by emphasizing comfort rather than activity which furthers penetration of the culture by commercialized services and more recently longer working hours by both married partners to maintain income levels leaving little free time for home-making activities. Within any society the spectrum of individual solutions in home environments makes it difficult to generalize about patterns. What is more clearly evident are sharp differences between various cultural and geographical circumstances. This can include such factors as whether homes are owned or rented whether provision is predominantly in the form of houses or apartments and the amount of space available or considered appropriate for domestic environments. Again the USA is an exception the size of homes having doubled since the Second World War. To a considerable extent this mirrors the extended range of possessions and facilities considered essential and needing to be accommodated. In terms of global comparisons so much space is available that little thought needs to be devoted to the precise details of the functional hardware. American appliances such as washing machines refrigerators cookers and bathroom fittings for example are large and generally old-fashioned in form and technology yet inexpensive compared with those designed for European or Asian markets. In the average American home they can be absorbed into the spatial pattern without substantial thought about how they must be used in relation to competing needs. Multiple bathrooms are not unusual separate laundry rooms are standard and if equipment lacks sophistication there is the compensating factor of widespread access and affordability. In comparison the average Japanese home is tiny compared to those in America and requires detailed thought to accommodate a growing range of desired functions within very limited confines. Consequently the design .