tailieunhanh - Thinking and Reasoning in Medicine

Traditional healing has been defined as “practices designed to promote mental, physical and spiritual well-being that are based on beliefs which go back to the time before the spread of western ‘scientific’ bio-medicine. When Aboriginal Peoples in Canada talk about traditional healing, they include a wide range of activities, from physical cures using herbal medicines and other remedies, to the promotion of psychological and spiritual well-being using ceremony, counseling and the accumulated wisdom of elders (RCAP, 1996, : 348). . | Thinking and Reasoning in Medicine Vimla L. Patel Columbia University NY patel@ Jose F. Arocha University of Waterloo Canada jfarocha@ Jiajie Zhang University of Texas at Houston TX Citation Patel V. L. Arocha J. F. Zhang J. 2004 in press . Thinking and reasoning in medicine. In Keith Holyoak Cambridge Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning. Cambridge UK Cambridge University Press. Key Words Medical reasoning medical knowledge diagnosis abductive reasoning case-based reasoning knowledge organization forward reasoning hypothesis testing backward reasoning expertise intermediate effect technology and thinking distributed reasoning external representation representational effect representation determinism electronic medical records human error medical error actions biases heuristics. 1 What is Medical Reasoning Medical reasoning describes a form of qualitative inquiry that examines the cognitive thought processes involved in making medical decisions. Clinical reasoning medical problem solving diagnostic reasoning and decision-making are all terms used in a growing body of literature that examines how clinicians make clinical decisions. Medical cognition refers to studies of cognitive processes such as perception comprehension decision making and problem solving in medical practice itself or in tasks representative of medical practice. These studies use subjects who work in medicine including medical students physicians and biomedical scientists. The study of medical reasoning has been the focus of much research in cognitive science and artificial intelligence in medicine. Medical reasoning involves an inferential process for making diagnostic or therapeutic decisions or understanding the pathology of a disease process. On the one hand medical reasoning is basic to all higher-level cognitive processes in medicine such as problem solving and medical text comprehension. On the other hand the structure of medical .