tailieunhanh - Báo cáo y học: "Maternal Smoking in Pregnancy: Do the Effects on Innate (Toll-Like Receptor) Function Have Implications for Subsequent Allergic Disease"

Tuyển tập các báo cáo nghiên cứu về y học được đăng trên tạp chí y học General Psychiatry cung cấp cho các bạn kiến thức về ngành y đề tài: Maternal Smoking in Pregnancy: Do the Effects on Innate (Toll-Like Receptor) Function Have Implications for Subsequent Allergic Disease? | ORIGINAL ARTICLE Maternal Smoking in Pregnancy Do the Effects on Innate Toll-Like Receptor Function Have Implications for Subsequent Allergic Disease Susan L. Prescott MBBS BMedSci PhD FRACP and Paul S. Noakes BSc Hons PhD Subtle increases in immaturity of immune function in early infancy have been implicated in the rising susceptibility to allergic disease particularly relative impairment of type 1 interferon IFN -c responses in the neonatal period. Although genetic predisposition is a clear risk factor the escalating rates of allergic disease in infancy suggest that environmental factors are also implicated. We previously showed that maternal smoking in pregnancy may impair neonatal IFN-c responses. Our more recent studies now indicate that this common avoidable toxic exposure is also associated with attenuation of innate immune function with attenuated Toll-like receptor TLR -mediated microbial responses including TLR-2 -3 -4 and -9 responses . Most notably the effects were more marked if the mothers were also allergic. In this review we discuss the significance of these observations in the context of the emerging hypothesis that variations in TLR function in early life may be implicated in allergic propensity. There is now growing evidence that many of the key pathways involved in subsequent T-cell programming and regulation namely antigen-presenting cells and regulatory T cells rely heavily on microbe-driven TLR activation for maturation and function. Factors that influence the function and activity of these innate pathways in early life may contribute to the increasing predisposition for allergic disease. Although cleaner environments have been implicated here we explore the possibility that other common environmental exposures such as maternal smoking could also play a role. Key words allergic disease cord blood cotinine cytokines innate immunity pregnancy smoking Toll-like receptors A striking increase in immune-mediated diseases has been one of the most .