tailieunhanh - Medicine and Surgery of Amphibians by Edward J. Gentz

Comprehensive policy on CAM and TM is lacking in most countries, including the United States. According to the 1994 Dietary Supplement, Health, and Education Act, the . Food and Drug Administration cannot require proof that dietary supplements and herbal products are safe and effective before they are sold, although it is charged with requiring good man- ufacturing practices. The quality of herbal products is not reg- ulated, and herbal products typically differ from source to source and from batch to batch in terms of their component ingredients and respective amounts and in terms of whether they contain contaminants. In the United States, no single entity is responsible for all aspects of. | Medicine and Surgery of Amphibians Edward J. Gentz Abstract Amphibians are most notably characterized by their glandular skin which they shed regularly and ingest routinely. It is advisable to handle amphibians only with protective gloves to avoid damaging their skin. These animals absorb water readily across the skin as a means of maintaining hydration. They also easily absorb drugs and anesthetics that are applied directly to the skin. Investigators commonly utilize cutaneous respiration in amphibians and evaluate skin abnormalities via wet mount preparations skin scrapes and biopsy. The examination of blood samples can be useful in evaluating the status of ill amphibians although the similarity in function of amphibian blood cell types and those of other species is largely unknown. If surgery is required it is necessary to fast the animals before surgery and to monitor their hydration. The wet environment required for amphibian surgery makes sterile technique challenging and it is advisable to institute prophylactic antibiotic therapy before the procedure. The anesthetic of choice for amphibian surgery is tricaine methanesulfonate MS-222 . Postoperative recommendations include fluids nutritional support if necessary and analgesia. If euthanasia is required MS-222 overdose or pentobarbital injection are the preferred methods. Key Words amphibians analgesia anesthesia euthanasia hematology radiology surgery Clinical Anatomy and Physiology The three orders of amphibians are Caudata Anura and Gymnophiona. The Caudata salamanders and newts have glandular skin and four legs except for sirens which have only two legs. The Caudata also may have external gills. The Anura frogs and toads have four legs and the rear pair is larger than the front pair. Anuran external gills are absent. The glandular skin of frogs tends to be smooth whereas that of toads tends to be less smooth. The Edward J. Gentz . . DACZM is Associate Veterinarian Albuquerque Biological Park .

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