tailieunhanh - Sách: Education and Health: Evaluating Theories and Evidence

The behaviour, values and beliefs of parents, families/whānau and other members of their community have a powerful influence on young people’s developing attitudes to drugs. Young people are also influenced by the messages they receive from the media and marketing campaigns. Pop culture, music and music videos, online media and electronic messaging services, television and advertisements can all portray powerful, positive, glamorous images of drug use. Young people are particularly susceptible to these images, and as they grow up will need to make decisions about drug use away from the help of trusted adults. Young people need. | National Poverty Center Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy University of Michigan NATION AL POVERTY CENTER Education and Health Evaluating Theories and Evidence David Cutler Harvard University Adriana Lleras-Muney Princeton University This paper was delivered at a National Poverty Center conference. Any opinions findings conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author s and do not necessarily reflect the view of the National Poverty Center or any sponsoring agency. Education and Health Evaluating Theories and Evidence David M. Cutler and Adriana Lleras-Muney I. Introduction There is a well known large and persistent association between education and health. This relationship has been observed in many countries and time periods and for a wide variety of health The differences between the more and the less educated are significant in 1999 the age-adjusted mortality rate of high school dropouts ages 25 to 64 was more than twice as large as the mortality rate of those with some college table 26 National Vital Statistics Reports 2001 . Substantial attention has been paid to these health inequalities. Gradients in health by education are now being systematically monitored in many countries the United States includes them as part of its Healthy People 2010 goals and countries such as the United Kingdom have target goals of reducing health disparities -specifically by education or factors correlated with In this paper we review what is known and not known about the relationship between education and health in particular about the possible causal relationships between education and health and the mechanisms behind them. We then assess the extent to which education policies can or should be thought of as health policies. We note at the outset that this is a controversial topic. A number of authors have written about education-related health inequalities and the conclusions frequently differ. To .