tailieunhanh - Organic Chemicals from Biomass

The equilibrium of the pollutant between the groundwater and the solid phase of the soil is described by a Freundlich isotherm. This nonlinear sorption isotherm does not vary in time. Sorption takes place at the so-called "sorption sites" of the soil. Two classes of sorption sites are distinguished (Boesten, 1986; Brasseau, 1992b). The sorption sites of class 1 are continuously in equilibrium. The class 2 sorption sites are not continuously in equilibrium with the soil solution. The rate of (de)sorption at class 2 sites is driven by the shortage (or excess) of the sorbed amount relative to the concentration in. | 4975 Organic Chemicals from Biomass Editor Dr. Irving s. Goldstein Professor of Wood and Paper Science Department of Wood and Paper Science North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina CRC Press Inc. Boca Raton Florida 1981 59 Chapter 3 BIOCONVERSION or AGRICULTURAL BIOMASS TO ORGANIC CHEMICALS Robert w. Detroy TABLE OF CONTENTS I. IL Identification and Potential of Biomass and Agri-Rcsidttes. 20 III. Composition of Agri-Commodities .26 IV. Technologies for Utilization of V. Chemicals from Carbohydrate Raw VI. Conversion of Biomass to VII. Fermentation Chemicals Anaerobic and A. 1. Type 1. 2. Type 11. Thioclastic 3. Type III. Entner-Doudoroff 4. Type IV. Heterolactic B. Acetone - Butanol c. 2 3-Butanediol 2 3 Butylene Glycol .37 D. Propionic Acid. 37 E. Glycerol-Succinic F. Acetic Acid. -38 G. Fumaric Acid .39 H. Citric Actd. .39 I. Lactic Acid. .39 J. Malic Acid. 40 K. References. 40 20 Organic Chemicals from Biomass 1. INTRODUCTION This article will deal primarily with the current methods available to generate organic chemicals via fermentation from crop biomass starch materials agri-residues and agro-industrial wastes. A comprehensive analysis of the characteristics and availability of agri-residues and industrial wastes is available and will be identified by other authors contributing to this subject. Relative composition of biomass residues and waste materials will be identified only when necessary to define substrates for production of specific chemicals through fermentation. Extensive studies on the utilization of animal products and animal waste management by Loehr cover research conducted in the past 15 years. Overviews by Slonckcr Ct al on crop residues and animal wastes defines the availability of these resources in the . A more recent review by Detroy and Hesseltine4 deals mainly .