tailieunhanh - Mechanisms of Slow Sorption of Organic Chemicals to Natural Particles

Blood Meal: Smelly source of nitrogen and phosphorus. Good to use as a mix with cottonseed meal. Expensive, but itís good to use occasionally. Analysis can range from 12-2-1 to 11-0-0. A good nitrogen source but smelly and expensive. This natural meal has a low pH and many trace minerals including iron. Use at 20 pounds per 1,000 square feet or 300-400 pounds per acre. A good blend is made by mixing 80 percent cottonseed meal with 20 percent blood meal. If zeolite is blended in with these two products it helps reduce odor and makes them last a. | Critical Review Mechanisms of Slow Sorption of Organic Chemicals to Natural Particles JOSEPH J. PIGNATELLO AND BAOSHAN XING Department of Soil and Water The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station . Box 1106 New Haven Connecticut 06504-1106 The use of equilibrium expressions for sorption to natural particles in fate and transport models is often invalid due to slow kinetics. This paper reviews recent research into the causes of slow sorption and desorption rates at the intraparticle level and how this phenomenon relates to contaminant transport bioavailability and remediation. Sorption kinetics are complex and poorly predictable at present. Diffusion limitations appear to play a major role. Contending mechanisms include diffusion through natural organic matter matrices and diffusion through intraparticle nanopores. These mechanisms probably operate simultaneously but the relative importance of each in a given system is indeterminate. Sorption shows anomalous behaviors that are presently not well explained by the simple diffusion models including concentration dependence of the slow fraction distributed rate constants and kinetic hysteresis. Research is needed to determine whether adsorp-tion desorption bond energies may play a role along with molecular diffusion in slow kinetics. The possible existence of high-energy adsorption sites both within the internal matrix of organic matter and in nanopores is discussed. Sorption can be rate-limiting to biodegradation bioavailablity and subsurface transport of contaminants. Characterization of mechanism is thus critical for fate and risk assessment. Studies are needed to measure desorption kinetics under digestive and respiratory conditions in receptor organisms. Conditions under which the constraint of slow desorption may be overcome are discussed including the addition of biological or chemical agents the application of heat and the physical alteration of the soil. Introduction Sorption to natural solids is an .