tailieunhanh - Energy Options for the Future phần 5

Trong năm 2020, tiết kiệm chi phí hàng năm là khoảng $ hoặc 37 cent mỗi tháng cho mỗi hộ gia đình. Một phân tích đánh giá tác động môi trường mô phỏng 10% và 20% danh mục đầu tư tái tạo vào năm 2020. Kết quả của họ là điện quá trình cao hơn 4,3% vào năm 2020. Kết hợp năng lượng tái tạo của họ là biopower 58%, 31% gió, và địa nhiệt 10%. | Energy Options for the Future 103 NIF Laser-based National Ignition Facility NIF under construction and in partial operation at LLNL is aimed at achieving ignition within 10-15 years Fig. 46. National Ignition Facility. at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory LLNL is aimed at achieving ignition within 1015 years see Figure 46. Fast ignition is an option that may allow the driver energy to be reduced by separately compressing then rapidly heating the target locally. Using a petaWatt driver. The primary efforts in this area are in the . France and Japan. The major . sites are at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory heavy ions LLNL solid-state lasers Naval Research Laboratory KrF lasers Sandia National Laboratories Z-pinch X-rays University of Rochester capsule irradiation and General Atomics capsule fabrication . Example drivers are shown in Figure 47. Progress Progress has been systematic in both magnetic and inertial fusion in experiment technology and theory. However the pace of progress has been slowed by inadequate funding for timely commitments to the construction of new facilities some important technology areas and radiation resistant materials. Advances in computers and scientific computation are allowing more rapid progress in the understanding of plasmas and system components and the ability to make projections. An example of computation in IFE is in Figure 48. Issues For magnetic fusion the primary issue is optimizing the configuration for effective confinement of the fuel. For inertial fusion the primary issue is optimizing the techniques for compressing the fuel in a stable manner. For both approaches an important additional issue is identifying materials that provide long life and low induced radioactivity in the harsh neutron-rich environment. Fig. 47. Inertial fusion facilities. 104 Sheffield et al. Progress has been systematic in both magnetic and inertial fusion. The pace of progress has been slowed by and failure to make timely .