tailieunhanh - Computing Explorations in David Evans Language, Logic, and MachinesUniversity of Virginia

Technology is the making, modification, usage, and knowledge of tools, machines, techniques, crafts, systems, methods of organization, in order to solve a problem, improve a preexisting solution to a problem, achieve a goal, handle an applied input/output relation or perform a specific function. It can also refer to the collection of such tools, machinery, modifications, arrangements and procedures. Technologies significantly affect human as well as other animal species' ability to control and adapt to their natural environments. The word technology comes from Greek τεχνολογία (technología); from τέχνη (téchnē), meaning "art, skill, craft", and -λογία (-logía), meaning "study of-".[1] The term. | Introduction to Computing Explorations in Language Logic and Machines David Evans University of Virginia For the latest version of this book and supplementary materials visit http Version August 19 2011 Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike United States License Contents 1 Computing 1 Processes Procedures and Computers. 2 Measuring Computing Power. 3 Information. 3 Representing Data . 8 Growth of Computing Power . 12 Science Engineering and the Liberal Arts . 13 Summary and Roadmap. 16 Part I Defining Procedures 2 Language 19 Surface Forms and Meanings . 19 Language Construction. 20 Recursive Transition Networks . 22 Replacement Grammars. 26 Summary. 32 3 Programming 35 Problems with Natural Languages . 36 Programming Languages. 37 Scheme . 39 Expressions . 40 Primitives . 40 Application Expressions . 41 Definitions. 44 Procedures . 45 Making Procedures. 45 Substitution Model of Evaluation . 46 Decisions . 48 Evaluation Rules . 50 Summary . 52 4 Problems and Procedures 53 Solving Problems. 53 Composing Procedures . 54 Procedures as Inputs and Outputs . 55 Recursive Problem Solving . 56 Evaluating Recursive Applications . 64 Developing Complex Programs . 67 Printing . .