tailieunhanh - ENGLISH FOR AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS - PART 6

Tham khảo tài liệu 'english for agricultural economics - part 6', ngoại ngữ, anh văn thương mại phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | 49 was lowered from 21 million tons to 15 million tons but even that amount proved unattainable. The agricultural policies promulgated from 1976 through 1980 had mixed results. Pragmatic measures that encouraged the planting of more subsidiary food crops such as sweet potatoes manioc beans and corn led to an increase of these crops from a level of less than 10 percent that of grain production in 1975 to a level that that was more than 20 percent of grain output by the late 1970s. Improved incentives for farmers in 1978 and 1979 included efforts to boost availability of consumer goods in the countryside and to raise state procurement prices. They were reinforced by adoption of a contract system that sought to guarantee producers access to agricultural inputs in exchange for farm products. Even so bureaucratic inefficiencies and shortages of agricultural supplies prevented complete success. The program undertaken in mid-1977 to expedite unification of North and South by collectivizing Southern agriculture met strong resistance. The reportedly voluntary program was designed to be implemented by local leaders but Southern peasants were mainly freeholders- not tenants- and aside from forming production teams for mutual assistance an idea that won immediate acceptance they resisted participation in any collective program that attenuated property rights. Failure to collectivize agriculture by voluntary means led briefly to the adoption of coercive measures to increase peasant participation. It soon became apparent however that such harsh methods were counterproductive. In the North formation of cooperatives had begun in 1959 and 1960 and by 1965 about 90 of peasant households wee organized into collectives. By 1975 more than 96 of peasant households belonging to cooperatives were classified as members of high - level cooperatives which meant that farmers had contributed land tools animals and labor in exchange for income. Between 1976 and 1980 agricultural policy in the .