tailieunhanh - A guide to project management Frank Heyworth

At the beginning of the guide we saw how the word “project”, which exists in most languages, has very different meanings in different contexts. It’s useful to spend time checking that there really is agreement on basic concepts and what they mean. It’s often worth doing a glossary. The choice of working languages is crucial – if there’s only one there’s a risk of (a) misunderstanding (b) the project being dominated by native speakers. Translation and interpreting are expensive and time consuming, though, so a compromise solution is usually required. It’s important to be aware of the issues and to build in time for clarifications | A guide to project management In 1994 upon the initiative of Austria and the Netherlands with special support from France eight states founded the European Centre for Modern Languages ECML as an Enlarged Partial Agreement of the Council of Europe. It was to become a forum to discuss and seek solutions to the specific tasks and challenges that face them in the coming years and which will play a decisive role in the process of European integration . At the time of writing thirty-two states subscribe to the Partial Agreement. Following a successful initial trial period 1995-1998 the continuation of the activities of the Centre was confirmed by Resolution 98 11 of the Committee of Ministers. The aim of the Graz Centre is to offer - generally through international workshops colloquies and research and development networks and other expert meetings - a platform and a meeting place for officials responsible for language policy specialists in didactics and methodologies teacher trainers textbook authors and other multipliers in the area of modern languages. A guide to project management is the fourth in a series of publications edited within the framework of the first medium-term programme of the ECML 20002003 . The ECML s overall role is the implementation of language policies and the promotion of innovations in the field of teaching and learning modern languages. The publications are the results of research and development project teams established during workshops in Graz. The series highlights the dedication and active involvement of all those who participated in the projects and in particular of the group leaders and co-ordinators. 1 The 32 member states of the Enlarged Partial Agreement of the ECML are Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Norway Poland Romania Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden .