tailieunhanh - SPACE SCIENCE - Louise Harra and Keith Mason

Space research is one of the most evocative and challenging fields of human endeavour. In the half-century that has elapsed since the beginning of the space age, we have been exposed to wonders beyond the imagination of even the most visionary of science fiction writers. We have peered deep into the Universe and studied physics that we can never duplicate on the Earth. We have begun to understand our own Sun, and the flow of energy outward through the Solar System that is fundamental to our existence. Robotic agents have explored the planets in the Solar System and the environment of our own planet, the Earth | editors Louise K. Harra Keith o. Mason ENCE Imperial College Press Published by Imperial College Press 57 Shelton Street Covent Garden London WC2H 9HE Distributed by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. 5 Toh Tuck Link Singapore 596224 USA office Suite 202 1060 Main Street River Edge NJ 07661 UK office 57 Shelton Street Covent Garden London WC2H 9HE British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. SPACE SCIENCE Copyright 2004 by Imperial College Press All rights reserved. This book or parts thereof may not be reproduced in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical including photocopying recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented without written permission from the Publisher. For photocopying of material in this volume please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center Inc. 222 Rosewood Drive Danvers MA 01923 USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher. ISBN 1-86094-346-2 ISBN 1-86094-361-6 pbk Printed in Singapore. Contents 1 Introduction. 1 Louise Harra and Keith Mason A Brief History of Discovery. 2 Exploration of the Solar System. 3 The Sun and beyond. 5 Observing from Space. 9 2 Remote Sensing of the Earth s Climate System. 13 Ian Mason Remote Sensing of the Climate System. 13 Remote sensing and Earth system science. 13 The requirements for remote sensing of the climate system . 15 Remote Sensing Methodology. 19 Constraints due to observing from space. 19 Measurement by remote sensing basic concepts. 25 Some surface factors affecting the remote sensing process. 30 Some atmospheric factors affecting the remote sensing process . 32 Some instrumental factors affecting the remote sensing process . 35 Using Reflected Sunlight. 42 Visible infrared imaging systems. 42 Global vegetation remote sensing. 44 .