tailieunhanh - Adaptive Motion of Animals and Machines - Hiroshi Kimura et al (Eds) part 15

Tham khảo tài liệu 'adaptive motion of animals and machines - hiroshi kimura et al (eds) part 15', kỹ thuật - công nghệ, cơ khí - chế tạo máy phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | 282 A. E. Patla M. Cinelli M. Greig Drew et al. 1986 . The challenge has been on the sensory side specifically controlling the visual input determining the spatial and temporal link and the transformation between the sensory input and motor output and identifying the many roles visual input plays in controlling locomotion. Psychophysical studies examining perceptual responses to visual inputs abstraction of naturally occurring stimuli pattern during locomotion focus on the sensory side without examining how the relevant information is used to guide action. Recording of neural activity in animals in response to similar stimuli or functional neuro-imaging studies in humans while fruitful also do not provide insights into the actual information and strategies used during adaptive locomotion. In our lab we have manipulated the environment and or visual input and examined the spatial and temporal characteristics of the changes that occur in the gait patterns. 2 The twelve postulates for visual control of human locomotion Based on a series of experiments done in our lab we have been able to come up with a set of postulates that provide unique insights into visual control of human locomotion Patla 1997 Patla 1998 Patla 2003 . These are grouped under a series of questions that have guided our research. Q1 What information does vision provide that is unique and cannot be easily substituted by other sensory modalities P1. Vision provides unique accurate and precise information at the right time and location about the environment at a distance Exteroceptive information about posture and movements of the body body segment and information about self-motion Ex-proprioceptive . For example environmental information provided by haptic sense used so effectively by visually impaired individuals is not accurate or precise enough and takes much longer to obtain the information see Patla Davies Niechweij 2003 . Q2. Where and when are different types of visual information used P2. .