tailieunhanh - THE LINGUISTICS, NEUROLOGY, AND POLITICS OF PHONICS - PART 4

Vì thế, cô phải đến với các cơ sở khác cho phép của mình để rút ra một kết luận hợp lý có thể đại diện cho mục tiêu giao tiếp của John. Trong trường hợp không có đầu mối khác, cô có quyền kết luận mặc định: ject ob yêu cầu của John là chính mình. Để cho tất cả các điều này để làm việc, John phải cố ý bỏ qua những đầu mối bổ sung các đối tượng yêu cầu của mình. | THE VARIETY OF METHODOLOGIES 49 may be. Therefore she must come up with other premises that allow her to draw a logical conclusion that can representjohn s communicative goal. In the absence of other clues she is entitled to the default conclusion The object of John s request is himself. In order for all of this to work John must intentionally omit additional clues to the object of his request. Thus John and Mary both know what the default case is. This an example of mutual knowledge. Mutual knowledge may be topical as well as when John and Mary in discussing political matters use the expression the current . president to refer to George w. Bush. Their mutual knowledge represents a pool of unstated premises that can figure into their conversational reasoning. Another such pool is their mutual beliefs and convictions such as say their common desire for world peace which figures as an unstated premise in the following conversation John Whom do you plan to vote for in the upcoming election Mary Well both Green and Brown support increased funding of weapons of mass destruction and oppose the principle of self-determination. John Then I guess we ll have to pick either Smith or Jones. It can now be appreciated that linguistic communication involves the presentation and perception not of meaning per se but rather of clues to meaning. Clues furthermore are not the same as behaviorist stimuli. Meanings are figured out or constructed by thought processes that use the clues. Meanings do not automatically appear as a response to some overt stimulus. Some of the clues are overt and observable such as linguistic sounds and bodily postures. Other clues are tacit and unstated such as mutual knowledge and mutual beliefs. Thus linguistic communication is the exchange of meanings via the selective production and perception of clues from a variety of overt and covert cuing systems. But the relative proportion of clues from the various cuing systems is not fixed and can vary .