tailieunhanh - Fabrication methods of planar waveguides and related structures

Brazilian shipbuilding industry, the main representative of this industry in Latin America, has been very active during the 70s and 80s. Afterwards it has experimented a deep decline. The main preserved construction niche was devoted to supply boats for offshore operations. More recently, due to a political decision from the federal government, most of the orders for offshore platforms and large ocean ships have been placed in the national shipyards. This policy generated some industrial initiatives with the establishment of new shipyards and the recovery of others which had provided considerable output in the past decades. Recent concluded floating. | Fabrication methods of planar waveguides and related structures Sergiusz Patela Wroclaw University of Technology http Sergiusz Patela Fabrication methods of planar waveguides and related structures 1 Photonics technologies Optical fiber technology Fiber is not only a transmission medium. Other devices such as amplifiers or filters can be also made with fiber. Fiber devices connect well with transmission lines. Microoptic technology Devices are made with traditional optical component microlenses prisms filters and diffraction gratings. Assembly is difficult and expensive. Planar waveguide technology Devices are fabricated on a surface of a flat piece of material . semiconductor or dielectric crystal wafer. Devices are made with the technologies of semiconductor chip manufacturing. All three technologies can be mixed Sergiusz Patela Fabrication methods of planar waveguides and related structures 2 Advantages of planar technology For structures containing multitude of interconnected waveguide devices planar technology is more simpler more efficient and cheaper then fiber optic technology. Example 1x8 f-o splitter. Dimensions can be controlled with greater accuracy than in fiber devices. Examples Mach-Zehnder modulator directional coupler. Complex devices such as . Array Waveguide Grating multiplexers cannot be build with any other technology. Many devices can be made in one process on a single substrate and later cut into separate devices. This greatly reduces fabrication costs. Planar technology is the enabling technology for fabrication for advanced integrated optical devices. Example Integrated optical spectrum analyzer. Sergiusz Patela Fabrication methods of planar waveguides and related structures