tailieunhanh - The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics Part 97

The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics Part 97. In the past decade, Cognitive Linguistics has developed into one of the most dynamic and attractive frameworks within theoretical and descriptive linguistics The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics is a major new reference that presents a comprehensive overview of the main theoretical concepts and descriptive/theoretical models of Cognitive Linguistics, and covers its various subfields, theoretical as well as applied. | 930 TED SANDERS AND WILBERT SPOOREN Proposals such as these illustrate the unmistakable tendency in recent text-linguistic work to use the notions of subjectification and perspective. This tendency goes back on Ducrot 1980 who already stressed the diaphonic nature of discourse. Even in monologic texts traces can be found of other voices information that is not presented as fact-like but as coming from a particular point-of-view either the current speaker s subjectified information in the terminology of J. Sanders and Spooren 1997 or another cognizer s perspectivized information . Cognitive Linguistics has a large role to play in the development of this line of work because of the key role it attributes to processes of subjectification in natural language but also because it allows for a dynamic approach to connectives as processing instructors. Fauconnier s Mental Space framework is very suitable to model this type of phenomena as has been suggested by Dancygier and Sweetser 2000 Verhagen 2000 2005 and T. Sanders and Spooren 2001a . As an example consider Verhagen s 2005 use of the Mental Space framework to analyze differences between epistemic and content uses of because and although. In a content use of because such as 23 the only mental space involved is the speaker s space containing the facts that John passed his exams and John worked hard as well as the general rule Normally working hard increases your chances of passing your exam . 23 John passed his exams because he worked hard. 24 John must have worked hard because he passed his exams. In epistemic uses of because as in 24 the first segment functions as a claim for which the second is an argument. This use of because requires the construction of a more complex Mental Space configuration. The speaker s space contains the general rule that Normally working hard increases your chances of passing your exam . It also contains the fact that John passed his exams and it contains the abductive inference that John