tailieunhanh - Transnational migration: taking stock and future directions

By far the most common exemption relied upon to avoid registration under the Securities Act is the private placement exemption. Under Section 4(2) of the Securities Act, the obligation to register the offer and sale of securities does not apply to transactions by an issuer not involving a public offering. This simple concept—the private placement—has mushroomed into an entire body of law unto itself. Case after case has made its way through courts as a result of uncertainty with respect to what is meant by “not involving a public offering.” These cases created so many pitfalls with respect to the private placement concept that the SEC. | Transnational migration taking stock and future directions PEGGY LEVITT Abstract Increasing numbers of sending states are systematically offering social and political membership to migrants residing outside their territories. The proliferation of these dual memberships contradicts conventional notions about immigrant incorporation their impact on sending countries and the relationship between migration and development in both contexts. But how do ordinary individuals actually live their lives across borders Is assimilation incompatible with transnational membership How does economic and social development change when it takes place across borders This article takes stock of what is known about everyday transnational practices and the institutional actors that facilitate or impede them and outlines questions for future research. In it I define what I mean by transnational practices and describe the institutions that create and are created by these activities. I discuss the ways in which they distribute migrants resources and energies across borders based primarily on studies of migration to the United States. In her 1990 inaugural address Ireland s President-elect Mary Robinson claimed she was assuming the stewardship of a new more tolerant Ireland that included those in residence and Irish emigrants and their descendants as well. She invited those whose families left Ireland generations ago to reassert their membership in this extended Irish family and offered to be their spokesperson. Beyond our state there is a vast community of Irish emigrants extending not only across our neighbouring island . but also throughout the continents of North America Australia and of course Europe itself. There are over 70 million people living on this globe who claim Irish descent. I will be proud to represent them. And I would like to see Aras an Uachtatian the president s official residence serve - on something of an annual basis - as a place where our emigrant communities could .

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