tailieunhanh - Teaching Today A Practical Guide Fourth Edition - part 2

Maslow cho nhu cầu của một trật tự thứ bậc. Những nhu cầu ở dưới cùng của trang sau sơ đồ có tầm quan trọng lớn nhất. Một cần phía trên cùng sẽ chỉ có tầm quan trọng với một ai đó nếu nhu cầu thấp xuống đã được phần lớn hài lòng. | Motivation Maslow s hierarchy of needs Maslow a humanist psychologist and one of the greatest thinkers of the twentieth century has explained human nature in one simple model. He suggested that there are universal instinct-like needs which every human being strives to satisfy. Almost all human activity can be seen in terms of these needs. Maslow gives the needs a hierarchical order. Those needs at the bottom of the diagram overleaf are of greatest importance. A need towards the top would only be of importance to someone if the needs lower down were already largely satisfied. For example a researcher observing a gang noticed that one of its members who was a very good bowler deliberately lowered the standard of his game when he played cricket with his gang. He didn t want to humiliate his friends by getting them all out first ball. His need for belonging was greater than his need to boost his self-esteem. Although we are not fully aware of these needs they are rather like mental vitamins if we are denied them we can never be fully mentally healthy. Maslow observed that if we feel deficient in any of these needs then problematic behaviour such as that described on the left of the diagram often results. If the needs are met mentally healthy behaviour results as shown on the right of the diagram. It is very important to realise that there are no substitutes for these needs and only gratification of the need can prevent deficiency-type behaviours. For example when I was a novice teacher I used to tell off students who were attention-seeking or showing off. Then I was advised to give them more praise for attention to task and give them conspicuous or responsible tasks to do in class in order to raise their self-esteem. I was surprised at this advice - but it worked If the two lower needs are largely met for your students then you can harness Maslow s needs by making sure that All students feel valued accepted and included at least by you the teacher and that a group .