tailieunhanh - Fundamentals of Computer Design

Computer technology has made incredible progress in the past half century. In 1945, there were no stored-program computers. Today, a few thousand dollars will purchase a personal computer that has more performance, more main memory, and more disk storage than a computer bought in 1965 for $1 million. This rapid rate of improvement has come both from advances in the technology used to build computers and from innovation in computer design. While technological improvements have been fairly steady, progress arising from better computer architectures has been much less consistent. During the first 25 years of electronic computers, both forces made a major contribution; but beginning in about 1970, computer. | Fundamentals of Computer Design And now for something completely different. Monty Python s Flying Circus Introduction 1 The Task of a Computer Designer 3 Technology and Computer Usage Trends 6 Cost and Trends in Cost 8 Measuring and Reporting Performance 18 Quantitative Principles of Computer Design 29 Putting It All Together The Concept of Memory Hierarchy 39 Fallacies and Pitfalls 44 Concluding Remarks 51 Historical Perspective and References 53 Exercises 60 I Introduction Computer technology has made incredible progress in the past half century. In 1945 there were no stored-program computers. Today a few thousand dollars will purchase a personal computer that has more performance more main memory and more disk storage than a computer bought in 1965 for 1 million. This rapid rate of improvement has come both from advances in the technology used to build computers and from innovation in computer design. While technological improvements have been fairly steady progress arising from better computer architectures has been much less consistent. During the first 25 years of electronic computers both forces made a major contribution but beginning in about 1970 computer designers became largely dependent upon integrated circuit technology. During the 1970s performance continued to improve at about 25 to 30 per year for the mainframes and minicomputers that dominated the industry. The late 1970s saw the emergence of the microprocessor. The ability of the microprocessor to ride the improvements in integrated circuit technology more closely than the less integrated mainframes and minicomputers led to a higher rate of improvement roughly 35 growth per year in performance. 2 Chapter 1 Fundamentals of Computer Design This growth rate combined with the cost advantages of a mass-produced microprocessor led to an increasing fraction of the computer business being based on microprocessors. In addition two significant changes in the .