tailieunhanh - Genetic Engineering Basics New Applications and Responsibilities Part 2

Tham khảo tài liệu 'genetic engineering basics new applications and responsibilities part 2', khoa học tự nhiên, công nghệ sinh học phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | 10 Genetic Engineering - Basics New Applications and Responsibilities transferred to the aminoacyl-tRNA at the A site causing the hydrolysis of GTP that allows for the now peptidyl-tRNA of the A site to translocate to the P site and the peptidyl-tRNA that was in the P site to exit through the E site Nilsson Nissen 2005 Riis et al. 1990 Watson et al. 2008 . The final elongation factor EF-T found in prokaryotes and having no eukaryotic homologue is responsible for the removal of EF-Tu and EF-G from the ribosome so that the A site is again able to bind to a new aminoacyl-tRNA and continue the elongation process Nilsson Nissen 2005 . This cycle of amino acid addition continues until all mRNA codons have been translated to protein. Termination of translation After successful completion of the protein synthesis process the elongation phase must be terminated effectively ending the growth of the polypeptide chain and marking the formation of a complete protein product. The elongation of the polypeptide product will continue until a stop codon is read from the mRNA template. In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes there are three stop codons that can be employed to stop translation UAG UGA or UAA. Once a stop codon has been recognized in the A site of the ribosome a set of release factors RFs are called into action to allow the synthesized protein to be released. In prokaryotes there are two Class I release factors RF1 and RF2 that recognize the UAG and UGA stop codons respectively and the UAA stop codon universally and one Class II release factor RF3 that allows the Class I release factors to dissociate from the ribosome after the protein has detached Moreira et al. 2002 . In contrast eukaryotes have only one Class I release factor eRF1 which recognizes all three stop codons and one Class II release factor eRF3 for dissociation Moreira et al. 2002 . Regardless of which release factor is used when the stop codon is recognized hydrolysis of the peptide chain begins and the

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