tailieunhanh - PsychologyA Self-Teaching Guide phần 4

Hãy tưởng tượng rằng bạn đang đọc một thực đơn trong nhà hàng và miệng của bạn bắt đầu với nước. Đây có phải là một ví dụ về điều cổ điển? Có, nó được. Bạn không được sinh ra với một xu hướng chảy nước miếng khi nhìn vào một trình đơn. Đây là hành vi có được thông qua kinh nghiệm, và, do đó, một loại học tập. | 74 PSYCHOLOGY that infant to learn and develop normal intelligence. If the infant had no sense of touch or smell or balance then learning would be next to impossible. Learning is a more or less permanent change in behavior or a behavioral tendency as a result of. Answer experience. Classical Conditioning Responding to Signals Imagine that you are reading a menu in a restaurant and your mouth begins to water. Is this an example of classical conditioning Yes it is. You were not born with a tendency to salivate when looking at a menu. This is behavior acquired through experience and consequently a kind of learning. Salivating to words on paper is a conditioned reflex. Classical conditioning was the first kind of learning to be studied experimentally. The pioneer researcher into classical conditioning was Ivan Pavlov 1849 1936 a Russian physiologist. Classical conditioning is characterized by the capacity of a previously neutral stimulus to elicit a reflex. If a dog is trained to salivate each time that it hears a tone of a specific frequency then the tone is the previously neutral stimulus and the act of salivating is the reflex. Pavlov achieved his results primarily with a number of dogs that were trained to patiently cooperate with the researcher while being restrained in harnesses in the laboratory. There are four basic terms all closely related that you need to learn as the foundation stones of your understanding of classical conditioning. These are 1 the unconditioned stimulus 2 the conditioned stimulus 3 the unconditioned reflex and 4 the conditioned reflex. The unconditioned stimulus is a stimulus that has an inborn power to elicit a reflex. Food in the mouth is such a stimulus. The physiology of the body is such that when salivary glands are stimulated by food saliva will flow. a Classical conditioning is characterized by the capacity of a stimulus to elicit a reflex. b The unconditioned stimulus is a stimulus that has an power to elicit a reflex. Answers a .