tailieunhanh - The pollution of the marine environment by plastic debris: a review

Server Consolidation: Oracle RAC databases or Oracle RAC One Node databases with underutilized CPU resources or variable CPU utilization can often benefit from consolidation with other workloads using server virtualization. A typical use case for this scenario would be the consolidation of several Oracle databases (Oracle RAC, Oracle RAC One Node or Oracle single instance databases) into a single Oracle RAC database or multiple Oracle RAC databases where the hosting Oracle VM guests have pre-defined resource limits configured for each VM guest. . | PERGAMON Marine Pollution Bulletin 44 2002 842-852 locate marpolbul Review The pollution of the marine environment by plastic debris a review José . Derraik Ecology and Health Research Centre Department of Public Health Wellington School of Medicine and Health Sciences University of Otago . Box 7343 Wellington New Zealand Abstract The deleterious effects of plastic debris on the marine environment were reviewed by bringing together most of the literature published so far on the topic. A large number of marine species is known to be harmed and or killed by plastic debris which could jeopardize their survival especially since many are already endangered by other forms of anthropogenic activities. Marine animals are mostly affected through entanglement in and ingestion of plastic litter. Other less known threats include the use of plastic debris by invader species and the absorption of polychlorinated biphenyls from ingested plastics. Less conspicuous forms such as plastic pellets and scrubbers are also hazardous. To address the problem of plastic debris in the oceans is a difficult task and a variety of approaches are urgently required. Some of the ways to mitigate the problem are discussed. 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords Plastic debris Pollution Marine environment 1. Introduction Human activities are responsible for a major decline of the world s biological diversity and the problem is so critical that combined human impacts could have accelerated present extinction rates to 1000-10 000 times the natural rate Lovejoy 1997 . In the oceans the threat to marine life comes in various forms such as overexploitation and harvesting dumping of waste pollution alien species land reclamation dredging and global climate change Beatley 1991 National Research Council 1995 Irish and Norse 1996 Ormond et al. 1997 Tickel 1997 Snelgrove 1999 . One particular form of human impact constitutes a major threat to marine life the pollution