tailieunhanh - the american economy a historical encyclopedia phần 8

. Sự khan hiếm tiền tệ đã trở thành một vấn đề nghiêm trọng, khi các doanh nhân tìm cách tự bảo vệ mình chống lại bất ổn kinh tế bằng cách rút tiền của họ từ ngân hàng. Đình chỉ ngân hàng thường xảy ra sau đó cho đến khi Quốc hội thông qua Luật AldrichVreeland năm 1908 cung cấp cho các tổ chức của các hiệp hội tiền tệ quốc gia. Pháp luật cũng thiết lập một | 486 Transportation Policy Britain secured equal rights to control any future transisthmian canal Americans might build a right it retained until the 1901 Hay-Pauncefote Treaty. Even in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries Britain along with its fourteen European Union colleagues has had a voice in . transportation policies over such issues as landing rights of American airlines and mergers of transportation companies an example of the latter is the recent merger of Chrysler with Daimler-Benz a leading manufacturer in America of heavyduty trucks and school buses. Transportation Policy in the Early Republic Upon achieving independence Americans rejoiced in their expansive new country but several major transportation issues confronted policymakers. These problems included inadequate access to the two great waterways that could afford easy transportation across much of North America the Mississippi Ohio and the Great Lakes St. Lawrence systems the Appalachian barrier to communications between the eastern and western halves of the United States and poor north-south roads along the eastern seaboard. To the frustration of Americans full access to the Missis-sippi Ohio and the Great Lakes St. Lawrence systems remained tantalizingly just out of reach. For years to come American policymakers sought to make those two great systems provide effective transportation. The challenge proved particularly great in the prerailroad age when only waterways could economically transport high-volume low-value farm products for distances greater than 20 or 30 miles. The Paris peace settlement of the 1780s gave the United States the eastern side of the Mississippi Valley down to Florida but Florida controlled by Britain since 1763 reverted back to Spain. Spain knew that if farmers living on the three-eighths of American soil drained by the Mississippi the Ohio and their tributaries had access to the world s oceans through New Orleans a flood of settlers would spill over .