tailieunhanh - Multi carrier and spread spectrum systems phần 6

Ba MC-CDMA sửa đổi hệ thống được trình bày sau đây được gọi là M-Sửa đổi, QModification, và M & Q-Sửa đổi [15] [16] [23]. Những thay đổi này có thể được áp dụng trong lên và đường xuống của một đài phát thanh di động | 132 Implementation Issues Figure 4-12 Moose maximum likelihood frequency estimator M Nc useless. Thus for frequency errors exceeding one half of the sub-carrier spacing an initial acquisition strategy coarse frequency acquisition should be applied. To enlarge the acquisition range of a maximum likelihood estimator a modified version of this estimator was proposed in 10 . The basic idea is to modify the shape of the LLF. The joint estimation of frequency and timing error using guard time may be sensitive in environments with several long echoes. In the following section we will examine some approaches for time and frequency synchronization which are used in several implementations. Time Synchronization As we have explained before the main objective of time synchronization for OFDM systems is to know when a received OFDM symbol starts. By using the guard time the timing requirements can be relaxed. A time offset not exceeding the guard time gives rise to a phase rotation of the sub-carriers. This phase rotation is larger on the edge of the frequency band. If a timing error is small enough to keep the channel impulse response within the guard time the orthogonality is maintained and a symbol timing delay can be viewed as a phase shift introduced by the channel. This phase shift can be estimated by the channel estimator see Section and corrected by the channel equalizer see Section . However if a time shift is larger than the guard time ISI and ICI occur and signal orthogonality is lost. Basically the task of the time synchronization is to estimate the two main functions FFT window positioning OFDM symbol frame synchronization and sampling rate estimation for A D conversion controlling. The operation of time synchronization can be carried out in two steps Coarse and fine symbol timing. Coarse Symbol Timing Different methods depending on the transmission signal characteristics can be used for coarse timing estimation 22 23 73 . Basically the power

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