tailieunhanh - the american economy a historical encyclopedia phần 7

Hệ thống Dự trữ Liên bang, 1913-1933 Khi Hoa Kỳ trải qua những gì dường như không thể kiểm soát được cơn hoảng loạn tài chính và áp thấp kinh tế, thất vọng với hệ thống tài chính của Mỹ là tăng cường. Trầm cảm của những năm 1890 là đặc biệt nghiêm trọng trong tác động của nó trên thất nghiệp, giá cả, và năng suất kinh tế | 414 Intellectual Property California in the later half of the twentieth century led to the rise of Silicon Valley and high-tech areas outside Boston. Other cities and metropolitan areas sought to capture high-tech growth industries fueled by technological expansion and several cities and states promoted research labs and development centers sometimes affiliated with major universities. These growing R D centers sprouted new technology designed to convert ideas and products into wealth. Firms relying on medicine weaponry and computing systems remained especially popular. In the 1970s a magazine similar to Scientific American Popular Mechanics provided inspiration to Microsoft founders Paul Allen and Bill Gates who discovered the Altair a home computer kit in the pages of the magazine. Allen and Gates fastidiously programmed software for the machine and launched a vast empire designed to license ideas through software Microsoft . As several other companies eschewed business models based on selling machines hardware in the case of computers or services and consulting licensing software to operate networks computers and manufacturing systems became accepted practice. Buying and selling software and technology as commodities as opposed to using the technology to build something more tangible was popularized and the term intellectual property emerged as an American definition of knowledge-based assets such as copyrights patents trademarks and trade secrets. Law schools began offering special programs for intellectual property studies and the term consistently turned up in congressional debates and within proposed congressional bills in the 1980s. The term was eventually replaced by a shortened usage IP a popular expression incorporated by business executives investors technologists and attorneys. American venture capital firms seeding start-up companies with capital often focus more on the intellectual property associated with a business or idea than on the company .