tailieunhanh - on the principles of political economy and taxation phần 8

Ví dụ 4,4 Chứng minh rằng sự phân bố theo cấp số nhân là một phân phối quy năng phân phối về sự phân bố theo cấp số nhânVí dụ 4,6 Chứng minh rằng việc phân phối gamma có một tham số quy để X có phân phối gamma | David Ricardo Principles ofPoliticalEconomy and Taxation 233 from an alteration in the real labour or natural value of corn and an alteration in the relative value of corn from taxation and from bounties. If corn is lowered in price by an alteration in its labour price not only will the rate of the profits of stock be altered but the condition of the capitalist will be improved. With greater profits he will have no more to pay for the objects on which those profits are expended which does not happen as we have just seen when the fall is occasioned artificially by a bounty. In the real fall in the value of corn arising from less labour being required to produce one of the most important objects of man s consumption labour is rendered more productive. With the same capital the same labour is employed and an increase of productions is the result not only then will the rate of profits be increased but the condition of him who obtains them will be improved not only will each capitalist have a greater money revenue if he employs the same money capital but also when that money is expended it will procure him a greater sum of commodities his enjoyments will be augmented. In the case of the bounty to balance the advantage which he derives from the fall of one commodity he has the disadvantage of paying a price more than proportionally high for another he receives an increased rate of profits in order to enable him to pay this higher price so that his real situation though not deteriorated is in no way improved though he gets a higher rate of profits he has no greater command of the produce of the land and labour of the country. When the fall in the value of corn is brought about by natural causes it is not counteracted by the rise of other commodities on the contrary they fall from the raw material falling from which they are made but when the fall in corn is occasioned by artificial means it is always counteracted by a real rise in the value of some other commodity so that