tailieunhanh - on the principles of political economy and taxation phần 6

Đây là một phân phối theo hàm mũ với tham số c6. Vì vậy, các hình thức phân phối đã không thay đổi, chỉ có giá trị tham nghĩa Đối với các biến ngẫu nhiên với sự hỗ trợ không âm, một tham số quy mô là một tham số cho một phân phối quy mô đáp ứng hai điều kiện. | David Ricardo Principles ofPoliticalEconomy and Taxation 167 any fixed standard the exchanges in that country might deviate from par in the same proportion as its money might be multiplied beyond that quantity which would have been allotted to it by general commerce if the trade in money had been free and the precious metals had been used either for money or for the standard of money. If by the general operations of commerce 10 millions of pounds sterling of a known weight and fineness of bullion should be the portion of England and 10 millions of paper pounds were substituted no effect would be produced on the exchange but if by the abuse of the power of issuing paper money 11 millions of pounds should be employed in the circulation the exchange would be 9 per cent against England if 12 millions were employed the exchange would be 16 per cent and if 20 millions the exchange would be 50 per cent against England. To produce this effect it is not however necessary that paper money should be employed any cause which retains in circulation a greater quantity of pounds than would have circulated if commerce had been free and the precious metals of a known weight and fineness had been used either for money or for the standard of money would exactly produce the same effects. Suppose that by clipping the money each pound did not contain the quantity of gold or silver which by law it should contain a greater number of such pounds might be employed in the circulation than if they were not clipped. If from each pound one tenth were taken away 11 millions of such pounds might be used instead of 10 if two tenths were taken away 12 millions might be employed and if one half were taken away 20 millions might not be found superfluous. If the latter sum were used instead of 10 millions every commodity in England would be raised to double its former price and the exchange would be 50 per cent against England but this would occasion no disturbance in foreign commerce nor discourage .