tailieunhanh - MONEY, BANK CREDIT, AND ECONOMIC CYCLES phần 4

Nó cũng đúng là một hệ thống ngân hàng bao gồm một ngân hàng độc quyền (khi k = 1) là một ví dụ duy nhất trong thể loại rộng hơn của các ngân hàng bị cô lập mà mở rộng tiền gửi và cho vay. Để kết luận, hai trường hợp cụ thể dẫn đến kết quả giống hệt nhau về các khoản vay mới được tạo ra (9000000 mu) và tổng lượng tiền gửi ( mu). Trường hợp đầu tiên là một ngân hàng. | 230 Money Bank Credit and Economic Cycles Table IV-2 System of Small Banks k 0 and c Money remaining in each bank s vault Credit expansion Loans created ex nihilo Deposits Bank A 100 000 900 000 1 000 000 Bank B 90 000 810 000 900 000 Bank C 81 000 729 000 810 000 Bank D 72 900 656 000 729 000 Bank E 65 600 590 000 656 000 Bank F 59 000 531 000 590 000 Bank G 53 100 478 000 531 000 Bank H 47 800 430 000 478 000 Bank I 43 000 387 000 430 000 Bank J 38 700 348 000 387 000 Banking System totals d 1 000 000 x d 1 - c 9 000 000 -iL 10 000 000 c c Note The last three digits have been rounded. It is also true that a banking system composed of one monopolistic bank when k 1 is a unique instance within the broader category of isolated banks which expand deposits and loans. To conclude two particular cases lead to identical results regarding new loans created 9 000 000 . and the total volume of deposits 10 000 000 . . The first case is a banking system made up of tiny banks each with a k equal to zero. The second is an isolated bank with a k equal to one. Given that both cases are easy to comprehend they are generally chosen as examples in textbooks to explain the creation of loans and the volume of deposits generated by the banking system. The Credit Expansion Process 231 Depending upon the text the author refers either to a system of tiny banks or to a single monopolistic bank or one whose customers are the final recipients of the loans it grants .31 6 A Few Additional Difficulties When Expansion is Initiated Simultaneously by All Banks in light of the fact that in this context we are forced to offer a simplified view of the processes of credit expansion it is now necessary to make a few supplementary points and clarifications. To begin with the expansion process we have described originates entirely from an increase in money deposited at the original bank in our example d represents 1 000 000 . deposited in Bank A . Nevertheless both historically as banking .