tailieunhanh - Handbook of psychology 9000 phần 8

Một tập trung chủ yếu trong tuổi vị thành niên sớm là mong muốn độc lập tăng từ gia đình, kết hợp với sự gia tăng nhanh chóng trong tầm quan trọng của đồng nghiệp. Cần cho phù hợp với các đồng nghiệp đỉnh preadolescence và vị thành niên sớm, tiếp theo là một sự suy giảm dần dần qua tuổi vị thành niên cuối. | 468 Adolescent Health through these phases lags behind that of girls just as with physical development. One major focus during early adolescence is the desire for increased independence from family combined with a rapid rise in the importance of peers. Need for conformity with peers peaks in preadolescence and early adolescence followed by a gradual decline through late adolescence. Such conformity includes dress hairstyle music and language. Abrupt changes in these areas can startle parents as they see their child turn into someone they barely recognize. Yet this new orientation toward peers versus family does not represent a total transformation. Young teenagers certainly respond to peer in uence especially that of same-sex peers in areas where they probably correctly perceive that their parents will not be knowledgeable about what constitutes coolZ clothing inZ music and appropriate patterns of interaction with same- and opposite-sex peers. However they typically respond to parental in uence regarding educational plans and aspirations moral and social values and understanding the adult world. For example one large-scale study of two groups of boys blue-collar versus upper middle class in Chicago revealed that each group s values and expectations were more similar to those of their parents than they were to their peers in the other socioeconomic group Youniss Smollar 1989 . Another major focus during early adolescence is body image hardly surprising given the massive physical changes that occur during this time. Young teenagers evidence intense interest in and often dissatisfaction with speci c parts of their bodies. A classic study Douvan Adelson 1966 asked seventh graders what one aspect of themselves or their lives they would change if they could and 59 selected a speci c body part. This suggests that disease illness trauma or even deviations in normal development which have obvious physical consequences will pose even more psychological challenges for young .