tailieunhanh - Development planning and hivaids in sub saharan africa phần 2

Năm 1980-năm 1990: lập kế hoạch kinh tế vĩ mô ngắn hạn, tập trung vào thâm hụt ngân sách thường xuyên và Nhà nước lạm phát có một vai trò thuận lợi, chứ không phải là kiểm soát nỗ Mở rộng các cơ sở doanh thu và tăng phản ứng cung cấp thông qua hỗ trợ thể chế cho các nhà đầu tư và xuất khẩu | Box . Key characteristics of economic planning in sub-Saharan Africa 1960s-1970s 1980s-1990s Medium-term planning based on the two-gap model focusing on growth rate capital-output ratios by sector and the derived financing gap Short-term macroeconomic planning focusing on recurrent budget deficit and inflation State employs instruments of control to realise planning objectives . credit guidelines tariff regimes State has a facilitative role rather than exerting control Tax regimes focusing on agriculture and or mineral export taxes and possibly income taxes on the small modern sector . public and corporate sectors Broadening the revenue base and increasing supply responses through institutional support to investors and exporters Source Taken from Ohiorhenuan 2002 prominently advocated in the Washington Consensus in the 1980s and 1990s. The 1980s structural adjustment In the 1980s a narrow perspective of development as economic growth best facilitated and distributed through the market mechanism held sway. Macroeconomic reform and structural adjustment became the buzzwords associated with measures such as non-inflationary budgetary policies and monetary restraint the liberalisation of trade and financial flows exchange rate correction privatisation and deregulation of domestic financial markets. These measures were considered appropriate means to overcome the structural weaknesses of African economies and their management including domestic policies and institutional mechanisms which were seen to lie at the root of the economic crisis gripping the subcontinent. It could be argued that ultimately these means became ends in themselves. In subSaharan Africa the economic policy and development debate became completely dominated by structural adjustment programmes SAPs Nissanke 2001 . An underlying tenet of structural adjustment was that countries could export their way out of the crisis UN Economic and Social Council 2001 12 . In the process the capacities of .