tailieunhanh - Microeconomics principles and analysis phần 8

Nếu đầu tư được thực hiện trong giai đoạn 1 sau đó nó được hoàn lại, đồng đô la cho đồng đô la, nên một ght . xảy ra. Vì vậy, nếu . ghts đương nhiệm, nó làm cho chuyên nghiệp . ts chính xác F, net chi phí đầu tư. | 440 CHAPTER 13. GOVERNMENT AND THE INDIVIDUAL construct such a schedule given that it knows the customers demand functions and if we were to extend the argument to the case where there are different types of consumers it can introduce a more complex version of the same charging structure as long as it can identify the type each consumer see the argument on pages 333 - 336 . However this form of fee schedule is not the only way of setting up an efficient payment system for the firm or agency. Suppose the government allows the firm to charge the price P1 equal to marginal cost of production and then underwrites its losses by paying the firm a subsidy equal in value to F0. By the same reasoning the firm covers its costs the subsidy can be financed by levying a tax on the population and it is clear that there is a welfare increase because the representative consumer is assured of the utility level v rather than v . The implementation in terms of a tax-financed subsidy combined with price regulation apparently produces the same effect as allowing the firm the freedom to set a fee. With some extra caveats the argument can also be applied to the heterogeneous-consumer Private information The assumption of perfect information that underlay these proposed eff cient solutions may be particularly inappropriate. There are at least two respects in which this may be a poor way to model the situation facing such a firm or public agency. First the firm may face different types of customers. It then has the now familiar problem of masquerading by high-valuation types as low-valuation types in order to acquire a more favourable contract for themselves with a lower fixed charge. The analysis is essentially that outlined in section it retains the essentially private and individualistic approach to finding the eff cient solution. Second the government in attempting to regulate the firm may not be full informed about the firm s circumstances. Common sense suggests that in

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