tailieunhanh - A Behavioral Perspective on Innovation and Change_5

Tham khảo tài liệu 'a behavioral perspective on innovation and change_5', khoa học xã hội, kinh tế chính trị phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | Advanced topics 127 characteristics such as size or from proximity centrality or structural equivalence in social networks as in many studies of diffusion through social networks Davis and Greve 1997 Soule 1997 Strang and Tuma 1993 . The analyses presented earlier assumed homogeneous influence so the weights were all set to one. Thus the social aspiration level was the arithmetic average of the performance of all other organizations in the focal market. Lt Pat N aeR Here N is just the number of organizations in the reference group R. There are good reasons to suspect that studies will show that social aspiration levels are made with heterogeneous weights. Research on the cognitive structures of managers has found that managers distinguish firms based on rather detailed information on their market and production processes Peteraf and Shanley 1997 Porac and Rosa 1996 Porac and Thomas 1990 Porac Thomas and Baden-Fuller 1989 . They are more aware of spatially proximate firms Gripsrud and Gronhaug 1985 Lant and Baum 1995 and seem to prefer information on market similarities to information on production-process similarities Clark and Montgomery 1999 . Such cognitions have a wide range of behavioral consequences such as imitation of specific competitive behaviors or the overall strategy of firms judged to be similar Fiegenbaum and Thomas 1995 Osborne Stubbart and Ramaprasad 2001 Reger and Huff 1993 and selective response to competitive attacks based on the similarity of the attacking organization and the focal organization Chen and Hambrick 1995 Clark and Montgomery 1998 Porac et al. 1995 . Competitor cognition may also affect the formation of aspiration levels. Firms that are viewed as similar are not only targets of imitation and more threatening competitors they are also highly relevant targets for social comparison. Firms that have similar markets and production processes fulfill the classical relevance criterion of social comparison processes by being similar on