tailieunhanh - Veterinary Medicines in the Environment - Chapter 6

Là không thể tránh khỏi trong quá trình sử dụng, thuốc thú y sẽ được phát hành vào môi trường trên mặt đất. Đối với các kích thích tố, kháng sinh, và các đại lý dược phẩm khác dùng bằng miệng hoặc bằng cách tiêm cho động vật, các tuyến đường chính của xâm nhập của sản phẩm vào môi trường đất có lẽ là thông qua sử dụng bài tiết sau đây và việc xử lý tiếp theo phân bị ô nhiễm vào đất (HallingSørensen et al. năm 2001; Boxall et al 2004). . | 6 Exposure Assessment of Veterinary Medicines in Terrestrial Systems Louise Pope Alistair Boxall Christian Corsing Bent Halling-Sorensen Alex Tait and Edward Topp INTRODUCTION It is inevitable that during their use veterinary medicines will be released to the terrestrial environment. For hormones antibiotics and other pharmaceutical agents administered either orally or by injection to animals the major route of entry of the product into the soil environment is probably via excretion following use and the subsequent disposal of contaminated manure onto land Halling-S0rensen et al. 2001 Boxall et al. 2004 . Drugs administered to grazing animals or animals reared intensively outdoors may be deposited directly to land or surface water in dung or urine exposing soil organisms to high local concentrations Sommer et al. 1992 Halling-S0rensen et al. 1998 Montforts 1999 Floate et al. 2005 . The fate and subsequent transport of a given medicine in soil will depend on its specific physical and chemical properties as well as site-specific climate conditions that are rate limiting for biodegradation . temperature and soil characteristics . pH organic matter or clay content that determine availability for transport and for biodegradation. For example the propensity for sorption to soil organic matter the KP will influence the potential for mobility through leaching. Overall knowledge of soil physical and chemical properties combined with data from environmental fate studies will confirm if a substance is classified as biodegradable persistent or a risk to other compartments . surface water or groundwater . In this chapter we describe those factors and processes determining the inputs and fate of veterinary medicines in the soil environment. Models used for estimating concentrations of veterinary medicines in animal manure and in soil and the fate and behavior of these medicines once in the terrestrial environment are also described. We conclude by identifying a .