tailieunhanh - Evaluating fact 3

Tham khảo tài liệu 'evaluating fact 3', ngoại ngữ, anh ngữ phổ thông phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | ------------------------------ DEDUCTIVE Answer Syllogism All good test scores mean good course grades. Samsa s test scores are all good. Samsa gets good course grades. Conditional If you get good test scores then you get good course grades. Samsa gets good test scores. Therefore he gets good course grades. How Deduction Can Be Misused In the next lesson you will learn about specific ways in which deductive arguments are used incorrectly whether negligently or deliberately. The better you become at spotting these logical fallacies the less likely you will be to accept one as truth. Simply a deductive argument is invalid for one of two possible reasons either or both of the premises are invalid or the wrong conclusion was reached even though the premises are valid. This example contains a premise that is not true All Americans wear sneakers. Major premise Harold is an American. Minor premise Therefore Harold wears sneakers. Conclusion REASONING -------------------------------------- Since all Americans do not wear sneakers the major premise is not true. That makes the conclusion and therefore the deductive argument itself invalid. In this case the wrong conclusion is reached Many Americans wear sneakers. Harold is an American. Therefore Harold wears sneakers. Note that by restating the invalid premise to make it valid you have not made the conclusion true. Harold may or may not be in the group of many who wear sneakers. The conclusion makes an assumption that goes beyond the information contained in the premises. In Short Deductive reasoning takes two premises which may be rules laws principles or generalizations and forms a conclusion based upon them. In order to be valid a deductive argument must have premises that are true and a conclusion that logically follows from those premises without trying to go beyond them. When you understand how these arguments work you will know how to construct your own strong arguments. You will also avoid being influenced or .