tailieunhanh - BIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO SUSTAINABLE SOIL SYSTEMS

Global agriculture is now at the crossroads. The Green Revolution of the last century that gave many developing countries such as India a breathing spell, enabling them to adjust the growth of their human populations better to the supporting capacity of their ecosystems, is now in a state of fatigue. Average growth rates in food production as well as factor productivity in terms of yield per unit of mineral fertilizer (NPK) are both declining. Yet, India and other developing nations are still confronted with the need to produce more food and other farm commodities under conditions of diminishing arable land. | Foreword Global agriculture is now at the crossroads. The Green Revolution of the last century that gave many developing countries such as India a breathing spell enabling them to adjust the growth of their human populations better to the supporting capacity of their ecosystems is now in a state of fatigue. Average growth rates in food production as well as factor productivity in terms of yield per unit of mineral fertilizer NPK are both declining. Yet India and other developing nations are still confronted with the need to produce more food and other farm commodities under conditions of diminishing arable land and irrigation water resources per capita and with expanding biotic and abiotic stresses some linked to global climate changes. In January 1968 several months before Dr. William Gaud coined the term Green Revolution I made the following statement in a presidential address to the Agricultural Sciences Section of the Indian Science Congress held in Varanasi Exploitative agriculture offers great dangers if carried out with only an immediate profit or production motive. The emerging exploitative farming community in India should become aware of this. Intensive cultivation of land without conservation of soil fertility and soil structure would lead ultimately to the springing up of deserts. Irrigation without arrangements for drainage would result in soils getting alkaline or saline. Indiscriminate use of pesticides fungicides and herbicides could cause adverse changes in biological balance as well as lead to an increase in the incidence of cancer and other diseases through the toxic residues present in the grains or other edible parts. Unscientific tapping of underground water will lead to the rapid exhaustion of this wonderful capital resource left to us through ages of natural farming. The rapid replacement of numerous locally adapted varieties with one or two high-yielding strains in large contiguous areas would result in the spread of serious diseases .

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