tailieunhanh - Cancer as a metabolic disease

At this time, there are no screening tests or exams to find endometrial cancer early in women who are at average endometrial cancer risk and who have no symptoms. Women should talk to their doctors about getting regular pelvic exams, including Pap tests. Although the Pap test can find some female cancers early, most cases of endometrial cancer are not found by this test. But the Pap test is very good at finding early cancer of the cervix (the lower part of the uterus). After menopause you should tell your doctor if you have any discharge or bleeding that. | Seyfried and Shelton Nutrition Metabolism 2010 7 7 http content 7 1 7 Nutrition Metabolism REVIEW Open Access Cancer as a metabolic disease Thomas N Seyfried Laura M Shelton Abstract Emerging evidence indicates that impaired cellular energy metabolism is the defining characteristic of nearly all cancers regardless of cellular or tissue origin. In contrast to normal cells which derive most of their usable energy from oxidative phosphorylation most cancer cells become heavily dependent on substrate level phosphorylation to meet energy demands. Evidence is reviewed supporting a general hypothesis that genomic instability and essentially all hallmarks of cancer including aerobic glycolysis Warburg effect can be linked to impaired mitochondrial function and energy metabolism. A view of cancer as primarily a metabolic disease will impact approaches to cancer management and prevention. Introduction Cancer is a complex disease involving numerous tempo-spatial changes in cell physiology which ultimately lead to malignant tumors. Abnormal cell growth neoplasia is the biological endpoint of the disease. Tumor cell invasion of surrounding tissues and distant organs is the primary cause of morbidity and mortality for most cancer patients. The biological process by which normal cells are transformed into malignant cancer cells has been the subject of a large research effort in the biomedic al sciences for many decades. Despite this research effort cures or long-term management strategies for metastatic cancer are as challenging today as they were 40 years ago when President Richard Nixon declared a war on cancer 1 2 . Confusion surrounds the origin of cancer. Contradictions and paradoxes have plagued the field 3-6 . Without a clear idea on cancer origins it becomes difficult to formulate a clear strategy for effective management. Although very specific processes underlie malignant transformation a large number of unspecific influences can initiate