tailieunhanh - International Textbook of Obesity - part 7

Các mối quan hệ của mỗi 12 điểm tương đồng với trọng lượng cơ thể sẽ được thảo luận trong các phần sau đây. Hầu hết các cuộc thảo luận sẽ tập trung vào mô hình trong các xã hội phát triển vào đầu thế kỷ 21, nơi đã được nghiên cứu tiến hành, mặc dù một số tương phản văn hóa và lịch sử sẽ được thực hiện. | 308 INTERNATIONAL TEXTBOOK OF OBESITY The relationship of each of these 12 characteristics with body weight will be discussed in the following sections. Most of the discussion will focus on patterns in developed societies at the beginning of the twenty-first century where more research has been conducted although some cultural and historical contrasts will be made. Sex Gender Sex refers to the ascribed biological status of being female or male as differentiated by anatomy and physiology while gender refers to the achieved social status of being a woman or man as constructed by psychosociocultural factors . Clear sexual dimorphism exists in body weight with females generally having more stored body fat than males and being more likely than males to be obese 5 34 . Many sex differences are physiological and linked to reproductive functioning 50 with more overall subcutaneous fat present in females and the distribution of body fat deposits being greater in lower body for females and upper body for males. Beyond biological sex differences in body fat substantial social and psychological gender differences exist with respect to weight in many societies with fatness and thinness being more likely to be female and feminist issues 51 . Women are judged by and more concerned about their physical appearance than men with body weight and body shape a major criterion for judging female attractiveness 52-54 . Among the public weight concerns are based more on appearance than health motivations particularly among women 55 . Stigmatization of body weight is more prevalent and severe for women than men 56 leading to pressures in postindustrial societies that make body weight a normative discontent for most women 57 . Overall sex and gender are overriding characteristics when considering obesity. The prevalence and meaning of weight are so different for men and women that much obesity research is done only on one sex or the other and most data about weight is presented separately .