tailieunhanh - Colonoscopy Principles and Practice - part 4

sự nổi bật động mạch chủ, thuật ngữ "hẹp" không nên được sử dụng. • Red niêm mạc, ban đỏ, bị xung huyết niêm mạc, sung huyết giác được sử dụng để xác định tổn thương gần tương tự hoặc các mẫu niêm mạc. Thay vào đó các điều khoản mơ hồ, hai thuật ngữ đã được lựa chọn | Chapter 16 Standardization of the Endoscopic Report 191 a a Fig. Example of colonic stenosis from a benign process a or a malignant process b . the aortic prominence the term stenosis should not be used. Red mucosa erythema congested mucosa hyperemia were used to define roughly similar lesions or mucosal patterns. Instead of these ambiguous terms two terms were selected erythematous mucosa defined as either a focal or diffuse reddening of the mucosa without any other modification and congested mucosa defined as a combination of erythema with an edematous swollen or friable mucosa Fig. . Due to the large overlap between these terms it was agreed that hyperemia was equivalent to erythema and edematous was equivalent to Fig. Erythematous mucosa in the colon defined as an increased redness of the mucosa due to an increase in its hemoglobin content because of increased blood flow a . This should be distinguished from a congested mucosa defined as a swelling of the mucosa due to an increase in the thickness of the mucosa occurring most often in association with an inflammatory process where permeability of cell membranes is altered and the extracellular osmolarity is modified b . congested mucosa. Therefore these words could be used as an alternative but not added simultaneously to the number of terms used. Erosion aphtha are frequently used to describe similar lesions. In the original OMED terminology the term erosion had been avoided because it was considered to be 192 Section 4 Reports and Imaging imprecise and required histologic confirmation aphtha had therefore been the preferred term. However the term erosion appears to be in such common usage in many languages that it was included amongst the minimal standard. Erosion is defined as a small superficial defect in a mucosa of a white or yellow color with a flat edge. This may bleed but the term should only be used when the mucosa is clearly seen and is not covered by blood clot Fig. . In the .