tailieunhanh - The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics Part 70

The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics Part 70. In the past decade, Cognitive Linguistics has developed into one of the most dynamic and attractive frameworks within theoretical and descriptive linguistics The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics is a major new reference that presents a comprehensive overview of the main theoretical concepts and descriptive/theoretical models of Cognitive Linguistics, and covers its various subfields, theoretical as well as applied. | 660 FRIEDRICH UNGERER Figure . Schema-based explanation of MH-prefixation based on Mettinger 1994 22 24 and mini-kitchen is that while in both cases the referents contain a scaling-down element the diminutive kitchenette evokes positive emotional associations but mini-kitchen does not necessarily do so Ungerer 2002 545-46 . This evaluative quality of diminutives has been observed for a number of languages in which diminutives are more widespread than in English for instance for Italian and German diminutives Dressler and Barbaresi 1994 for Dutch suffixations with -kje and -tje Bakema Defour and Geeraerts 1993 and for Spanish suffixations with -ito and -illo Santibanez-Saenz 1999 . The latter approach is particularly interesting from a cognitive angle as an attempt first undertaken by Ruiz de Mendoza Ibanez 2000 and developed by Santibanez-Saenz to explain diminutives as an instance of conceptual fusion of three Idealized Cognitive Models ICMs the ICM of size which is responsible for scaling-up and scaling-down prefixation and the ICMs of control and cost-benefit . This fusion yields two superficially contradictory corollaries which can explain the existence of affectionate and pejorative meanings observed with the Spanish diminutives -ito and -illo respectively a. Small entities are usually manageable as a result they may be perceived as likeable. b. Small entities are usually innocuous and unimportant and may be easily ignored as a result they may be perceived as unpleasant. Ruiz de Mendoza Ibanez in Santibanez-Saenz 1999 176 . -er Suffixation Of all English suffixes -er has no doubt attracted most attention because of its frequency and versatility of meaning and use. WORD-FORMATION 661 The Radial Category Approach This approach as pursued by Panther and Thornburg 2001 takes up the methods used successfully in describing polysemous lexical concepts in terms of protoypes metonymic and metaphorical processes Lindner 1981 Lakoff 1987 Rudzka-Ostyn 1985 Brugman