tailieunhanh - Báo cáo sinh học: " Understanding tumor heterogeneity as functional compartments - superorganisms revisited"

Tuyển tập báo cáo các nghiên cứu khoa học quốc tế ngành hóa học dành cho các bạn yêu hóa học tham khảo đề tài: Understanding tumor heterogeneity as functional compartments - superorganisms revisited | Grunewald et al. Journal of Translational Medicine 2011 9 79 http content 9 1 79 JOURNAL OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE REVIEW Open Access Understanding tumor heterogeneity as functional compartments - superorganisms revisited Thomas GP Grunewald1 2 3 Saskia M Herbst4 Jurgen Heinze5 and Stefan Burdach1 2 Abstract Compelling evidence broadens our understanding of tumors as highly heterogeneous populations derived from one common progenitor. In this review we portray various stages of tumorigenesis tumor progression self-seeding and metastasis in analogy to the superorganisms of insect societies to exemplify the highly complex architecture of a neoplasm as a system of functional castes. Accordingly we propose a model in which clonal expansion and cumulative acquisition of genetic alterations produce tumor compartments each equipped with distinct traits and thus distinct functions that cooperate to establish clinically apparent tumors. This functional compartment model also suggests mechanisms for the selfconstruction of tumor stem cell niches. Thus thinking of a tumor as a superorganism will provide systemic insight into its functional compartmentalization and may even have clinical implications. Introduction Cooperation and division of labor are thought to explain many of the major transitions in evolution in which several simple units form a more complex group 1 2 . When conflict among their constituents is resolved or sufficiently suppressed such higher biological entities achieve organismality at a higher level . they interact with other such entities as individuals 3 . Major transitions are the evolution from independently replicating oligonucleotides into genomes from prokaryotes to eukaryotes and from unicellular to multicellular organisms. Another major transition in which emergent properties arising from cooperation and division of labor are particularly obvious is the origin of the social insects from solitary organisms. The .

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