tailieunhanh - a history of modern computing 2nd edition phần 6

IBM phần cứng xử lý số lượng lớn công việc của Trung tâm, nhưng máy tính SDS đã được cài đặt để làm mô phỏng thời gian thực và kiểm tra hệ thống hướng dẫn của tên lửa. Vẽ trên một mối quan hệ được thành lập khi đang làm việc cho và đã chọn cài đặt máy tính | 212 Chapter 7 Products that took advantage of advances in semiconductors did appear on the market. It is worth looking at them to see whether they validate or refute the bottom-up explanation of the PC s invention. The first electronic computers were of course operated as if they were personal computers. Once a person was granted access to a machine after literally waiting in a queue he or she had the whole computer to use for whatever purpose. That gave way to more restricted access but those at MIT and Lincoln Labs who used the Whirlwind TX-0 and TX-2 that way never forgot its advantages. In 1962 some of them developed a computer called the LINC made of Digital Equipment Corporation logic modules and intended for use by a researcher as a personal tool. A demonstration project funded by the NIH made sixteen LINCs available to biomedical researchers. DEC produced commercial versions and by the late 1960s about 1 200 were in use as personal computers. A key feature of the LINC was its compact tape drive and tapes that one could easily carr y around the forerunner of DECtape. The ease of getting at data on the tape was radically different from the clumsy access of tape in mainframes and this ease would be repeated with the introduction of floppy-disk systems on personal DEC also marketed a computer that was a combination of a LINC and a PDP-8 for 43 000. Although DECtape soon was offered on nearly all DEC s products the LINC did not achieve the same kind of commercial success as the PDP-8 and PDP-11 lines of Advances in chip density first made an impact on personal devices in For decades there had been a small market for machines that could perform the four functions of arithmetic plus square root. In the 1950s and 1960s the calculator industry was dominated by firms such as Friden and Marchant in the United States and Odhner in Europe. Their products were complex heavy and In 1964 Wang Laboratories a company