tailieunhanh - Fate of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment and in Water Treatment Systems - Chapter 10

Việc sử dụng thuốc trên toàn thế giới, chuyển hóa một phần của họ sau khi uống, và không nhất quán trong cách họ đang xử lý làm cho sự hiện diện của họ trong môi trường thuỷ sản không thể tránh khỏi. Nguồn của họ trong vùng nước tự nhiên không giới hạn bài tiết của các hợp chất phụ huynh và các chất chuyển hóa của họ của cá nhân và vật nuôi nhưng cũng bao gồm xử lý các loại thuốc không sử dụng hệ thống cống, ngầm rò rỉ từ cơ sở hạ tầng hệ thống nước thải, giải phóng chất. | Part III Treatment of Pharmaceuticals in Drinking Water and Wastewater 2008 by Taylor Francis Group LLC 10 Drugs in Drinking Water Treatment Options Howard S. Weinberg Vanessa J. Pereira and Zhengqi Ye Contents Occurrence in the Aquatic Drinking Water Chlorine-Based Disinfection . 221 Ozone and Advanced Oxidation Ultraviolet UV and Advanced Oxidation INTRODUCTION The high usage of drugs throughout the world their partial metabolism after ingestion and inconsistencies in the way they are disposed make their presence in the aquatic environment inevitable. Their sources in natural waters are not limited to excretion of parent compounds and their metabolites by individuals and pets but also include disposal of unused medications to sewage systems underground leakage from sewage system infrastructures release of treated or untreated hospital wastes disposal by pharmacies and physicians and humanitarian drug surplus to domestic sewage systems. Transmission routes include release to private septic fields treated effluent from domestic sewage treatment plants discharged to surface waters overflow of untreated sewage from storm events and system failures directly to surface waters transfer of sewage solids to land release from agriculture dung from medicated domestic animals and confined animal feeding operations direct release via washing bathing or swimming discharges from industrial manufacturing and clandestine drug laboratories as well as illicit drug usage leaching from defective landfills and release from After release into the environment most pharmaceutically active compounds PhACs are eventually transported to the aqueous domain and are expected to be only partially degraded and transformed into other products by phototransformative physicochemical and .