tailieunhanh - Scala By Example

Scala smoothly integrates object-oriented and functional programming. It is designed to express common programming patterns in a concise, elegant, and typesafe way. Scala introduces several innovative language constructs. For instance:At the same time, Scala is compatible with Java. Java libraries and frameworks can be used without glue code or additional declarations. This document introduces Scala in an informal way, through a sequence of examples. | Scala By Example DRAFT May 24 2011 Martin Odersky Programming Methods Laboratory EPFL Switzerland Contents 1 Introduction 1 2 A First Example 3 3 Programming with Actors and Messages 7 4 Expressions and Simple Functions 11 Expressions And Simple Functions. 11 Parameters. 12 Conditional Expressions. 15 Example Square Roots by Newton s Method. 15 Nested Functions. 16 Tail Recursion. 18 5 First-Class Functions 21 Anonymous Functions . 22 Currying . 23 Example Finding Fixed Points of Language Elements Seen So Far . 28 6 Classes and Objects 31 7 Case Classes and Pattern Matching 43 Case Classes and Case Objects . 46 Pattern Matching . 47 8 Generic Types and Methods 51 Type Parameter Bounds . 53 Variance Annotations . .