tailieunhanh - FUEL COMBUSTION, AIR POLLUTION EXPOSURE, AND HEALTH: The Situation In Developing Countries

Under certain conditions, lichen floristic and community analyses can be used in conjunction with measured levels of ambient or depositional pollutants accumulated by lichens to detect effects of changing air quality on vegetation. This information can demonstrate whether air pollutants cause undesirable changes in species composition or presence/absence of lichen species within terrestrial plant communities. It is important that any alternative hypotheses (., drought, grazing, habitat alteration) for changes observed in species condition or composition (in addition to air pollution) are discussed and evaluated when using lichen floristics and community studies in an air pollution context. Lichens exhibit. | Annu. Rev. Energy Environ. 1993. 18 529-66 Copyright 1993 by Annual Reviews 1nc. All rights reserved ANNUAL REVIEWS Further Quick links to online content Annu. Rev. Energy. Environ. 529-566. Downloaded from by University of California - Berkeley on 08 25 10. For personal use only. FUEL COMBUSTION AIR POLLUTION EXPOSURE AND HEALTH The Situation in Developing Countries Kirk R. Smith Program on Environment East-West Center Honolulu Hawaii 96848 KEY WORDS urban air pollution indoor air pollution total exposure assessment health effects particulates CONTENTS SUMMARY . 529 INTRODUCTION. . 530 WHERE IS AIR POLLUTION . 531 An Example of the Power of Exposure Assessment Coal Versus Tobacco . 535 Exposure Effectiveness . 538 GLOBAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT . 539 Where Then Are the People . 539 Sx t ts tre Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 11 Trends During Development . 549 HEALTH EFFECTS . 551 R ur tl I t l o or l x 3 os ur ts . . . . . . . . . . . . j jl Urban Indoor Exposures. 555 Urban Outdoor Exposures. 555 CONCLUSION . 558 APPENDIX INTERNATIONAL URBAN AIR POLLUTION STUDIES . 561 SUMMARY As described in the Appendix there are a number of recent studies of air pollution in developing-country cities 2-5 17 99 100 each of necessity relying heavily on the one available source of comparative international 529 1056-3466 93 1022-0529 530 SMITH Annu. Rev. Energy. Environ. 529-566. Downloaded from by University of California - Berkeley on 08 25 10. For personal use only. ambient monitoring data Global Environment Monitoring System GEMS õab-IO .1 In this review therefore rather than simply reproduce the GEMS data I have chosen to examine developing-country air pollution from the standpoint of a useful analysis technique that has been under development in recent years Total Exposure Assessment. Basically the review is composed of four parts 1. A brief description of the historical and current .