tailieunhanh - How the Financial Crisis Affects Pensions and Insurance and Why the Impacts Matter

Tax compliance is relatively high when the agency can match data from third parties (such as information on W-2 forms supplied by employers and financial institutions) to income tax returns and notify taxpayers of discrepancies. The net misreporting rate for income that is subject to third-party reporting is less than 5 percent. In contrast, the IRS in many cases cannot verify other forms of income, such as that from self-employment (including net income from nonfarm proprietors and farmers) because most third-party data are not independently reported to the IRS and resources for audits are limited. 10 The findings suggest that penalties matter—but. | How the Financial Crisis Affects Pensions and Insurance and Why the Impacts Matter Gregorio Impavido and Ian Tower INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND 2009 International Monetary Fund WP 09 151 IMF Working Paper Monetary and Capital Markets Department How the Financial Crisis Affects Pensions and Insurance and Why the Impacts Matter Prepared by Gregorio Impavido and Ian Tower Authorized for distribution by Inci Otker-Robe July 2009 Abstract This paper discusses the key sources of vulnerabilities for pension plans and insurance companies in light of the global financial crisis of 2008. It also discusses how these institutional investors transit shocks to the rest of the financial sector and economy. The crisis has re-ignited the policy debate on key issues such as 1 the need for countercyclical funding and solvency rules 2 the tradeoffs implied in marked based valuation rules 3 the need to protect contributors towards retirement from excessive market volatility 4 the need to strengthen group supervision for large complex financial institutions including insurance and pensions and 5 the need to revisit the resolution and crisis management framework for insurance and pensions. This Working Paper should not be reported as representing the views of the IMF. The views expressed in this Working Paper are those of the author s and do not necessarily represent those of the IMF or IMF policy. Working Papers describe research in progress by the author s and are published to elicit comments and to further debate. JEL Classification Numbers G20 G23 Keywords Pensions insurance financial crisis Author s E-Mail Address GImpavido@ and Itower@ The authors are grateful for comments received from Barry Johnston Inci Otker-Robe Alex Tieman and Christian Mulder. 2 Contents Page I. II. The Role of Pension Plans and Insurance III. Key Pensions and Insurance IV. The Nature of Assets and V. Sources of Asset .

• Bảo hiểm
• Genetically Engineered
• Food Applications
• Mycotoxins in Food
• Microbial Pectic
• Wine Industry
• Quality Control
• Scientific reports
• scientific research
• Structural biochemistry
• animal models
• tumor cells
• BMC Cancer
• Genetically engineered mesenchymal stromal cells
• Gene therapy
• Cell therapy
• Suicide gene therapy
• Clinical trial
• Compositional Changes
• Historical Background
• Genetic Modification
• Profiling Methods
• Inorganic Elements
• Manipulation Continuum
• biochemistry
• medicine
• cell proliferation
• oxidation
• trình bày báo cáo
• tài liệu báo cáo khoa học
• báo cáo y học
• kiến thức y học
• nghiên cứu y học