tailieunhanh - Transportation Cost and Benefit Analysis II – Air Pollution Costs

Given various budgetary and time constraints, to meet the project's stated objectives Apheis chose in a first phase to narrow the project's scope and investigate the information needs and behavior of a single, key target audience from among the large number of target audiences that require information on the impact of air pollution on public health. From all the potential target audiences that deserved investigation, we chose government policy makers and influencers, since through their actions this group probably has the greatest impact of all our target audiences on improving public health. To gain the best possible understanding of the chosen target audience, we decided to concentrate. | Transportation Cost and Benefit Analysis II - Air Pollution Costs Victoria Transport Policy Institute Air Pollution This chapter describes vehicle air pollutants including greenhouse gasses describes emission rates of different vehicles factors that affect emission rates and vehicle air pollution costs. Chapter Index Health Climate Factors Affecting Emission Fuel Units of Vehicle-mile Emission Per Capita Emission Location and Unit Cost . 4 Estimates Local and Regional Pollutant Climate Change Equity and Efficiency Greenhouse gas cost Summary Allocation of Automobile Cost Emission Other 22 February 2012 tca Page Transportation Cost and Benefit Analysis II - Air Pollution Costs Victoria Transport Policy Institute Definitions Air Pollution Costs refers to motor vehicle air pollutant damages including human health ecological and esthetic degradation. Tailpipe emissions are pollutants released directly from vehicle exhaust pipes. Lifecycle emissions include both tailpipe emissions and indirect emissions from fuel extraction and refining vehicle manufacturing and construction of facilities for transportation. Discussion Motor vehicles produce various harmful air emissions as summarized in Table . Some impacts are localized so where emissions occur affects their costs while others are regional or global and so location is less important. Table Vehicle Pollution Emissions1 Emission Description Sources Harmful Effects Scale Carbon dioxide CO2 A product of combustion. Fuel production and tailpipes. Climate change Global Carbon monoxide CO A toxic gas caused by incomplete .